Time will tell if the candy becomes popular, May said, but the Shirks "are on the right track by offering something different."
The Shirks seems to understand the importance of getting the word out by offering free samples and other promotional ideas, May said.
As long-term contracts became the norm, a growing proportion of baseball's talent pool had, at least during some years, an incentive to shirk. This incentive was absent only for those players
The emergence of multiyear contracts, however, has made it relatively easier for players to shirk. Shirking has taken the form of on-field, clubhouse, and off-field antics that are disappointing and, at times, embarrassing.
A worker with type [lambda] will choose not to
shirk (e = 1) only if the following inequality holds:
Note that a worker caught shirking receives a zero wage.(7) The probability that a worker will not
shirk is denoted by q.
In this way, the worker is encouraged not to
shirk and an efficiency-wage trade-off arises.
Households may
shirk in their responsibility to the landlord by devoting some fraction f [less than or equal to] 1 of their outside labor endowment to homestead activity.
4 The most general one-period utility specification of shirking would allow for a utility function of [u.sup.s]([c.sub.u], [c.sub.r]) if the worker
shirks and [u.sup.w]([c.sub.u], [c.sub.r]) if the worker does not
shirk, where [c.sub.u] and [c.sub.r] are the worker's consumption of the urban and rural goods, respectively.
In each period a worker chooses whether to exert a fixed positive level of effort, e = [e.sup.*] [greater than] 0, or to
shirk and exert no effort, e = 0.
On one hand, they claim that the workers would be "happy to work at [w.sup.*] or lower." On the other, they assert that at such wages "they cannot make a credible promise not to
shirk." One would like to ask the authors the question: "At [w.sup.*], would the employees work or
shirk?" It appears as if Shapiro and Stiglitz used a terminological trick on the reader to make their case.
Moreover, if shirking and selection are both important, firms will pursue methods in addition to high wages to try to attract workers who are inherently more productive and inherently less likely to
shirk or quit.