The macrophage
foam cell as a target for therapeutic intervention.
Vitamin D suppressed
foam cell formation by reducing LDL cholesterol uptake in diabetic subjects only.
Scavenger receptors mediate the uptake of modified lipoprotein particles and promote the development of
foam cells. Macrophage
foam cells are a source of mediators, including other cytokines and effector molecules, such as hypochlorus acid, superoxide anion, and matrix metalloproteinases.
Macrophages play a key role in atherogenesis by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and forming
foam cells in subendothelial lesions.
Lipid droplet formation induced by a snake venom GIIA [sPLA.sub.2] in macrophages depends on lipid metabolism factors mainly PPAR-[gamma] and PPAR-ft/8, providing new insights into mechanisms of macrophage
foam cell formation.
However, uptake of oxidized LDL by macrophages causes intracellular accumulation of cholesterol and precipitates their transformation to
foam cells.
Foam cells produce several proteinases, which degrade extracellular matrices, thereby increasing the fragility of plaques [19].
In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether combination therapy with SGLT2i and DPP-4i was superior to monotherapy with either an inhibitor alone in suppressing macrophage
foam cell formation, a critical process in atherosclerosis, or the expression of genes involved in
foam cell formation in db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes.
Punicalagin protects macrophage cells from lipid accumulation and
foam cell formation [3-5].
This material forms a uniform
foam cell size where at least 90% of the
foam cells are 50 micrometers or less.
As anticipated, airflow,
foam cell structure and surface appearance, hardness, ball rebound and compression sets were all identical to those seen with the conventional surfactants in Formulation A.
It has been reported that oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) involvement with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and
foam cell formation play an important role in atherosclerosis (AS).
Chiamydial endotoxins, much less virulent than those of enterobacteriaceae (e.g., Escherichia coli), can promote macrophage
foam cell formation in vitro (8,39).