Europium nanoparticles and time-resolved fluorescence for ultrasensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen.
Figure 11 shows that the band intensities increase with
europium concentration.
A solution without
europium was used as the reference.
This can be explained by LSPR which enhances
europium ions transitions.
The following reagents were used during the sol-gel glass making process without further purification: Tetramethyl- orthosilicate (TMOS) (Aldrich 99+%), ethanol ([C.sub.2][H.sub.6]O) (Sigma-Aldrich, [greater than or equal to] 99.5%), hydrogen chloride (HC1),
europium (III) chloride anhydrous (EuCh) (Aldrich, 99.99%), Lab grade tin (II) chloride anhydrous (Sn[Cl.sub.2]), and triple de-ionized water.
The content of
europium (Eu) in sapropelites was defined by instrumental neutron activation analysis technique (INAA).
Importantly, the prices of Ngualla's main value drivers of neodymium, praseodymium and
europium, which together comprise 86% of the projects projected annual revenue, have shown the most improvement (Figure 3).
* Other rare earths, lanthanum,
europium and ytterbium, used in lithium-ion batteries and elsewhere;
FREIGHT ON BOARD CHINESE DOMESTIC MATERIAL PRICES (USD/kg) PRICES (USD/kg) Lanthanum 66.46 18.28 Cerium 59.31 20.65 Neodymium 244.23 122.76 Praseodymium 209.62 106.94 Samarium 95.31 14.48 Dysprosium 2032.31 1085.35
Europium 3800.00 2228.38 Terbium 2973.85 1767.93 GRAPH 02 PERCENTAGEOF GLOBAL PRODUCTION (MINING) OF KEY MATERIALS WITHIN A SINGLE COUNTRY SOURCE: U.S.
Typically
europium salts, terbium salts, and samarium salts, when associated with suitable organic ligands, can absorb light energy and transfer it to the central metal atom to give narrow emission bands in the visible region, usually described as an "antenna effect" (1), (2).
The
europium is efficiently used as luminescent center in phosphors for various purposes.
TAEK had established in its own 2007 report that the plant smelted nuclear rods containing
europium, normally used in nuclear power plants.
