Both findings suggest that
childlessness bias against women may not occur in isolation but may coexist and intersect with other identity variables.
Morgan, 2009, <<Representations of Voluntary
Childlessness in the UK Press, 1990-2008>>, Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 8:1218-1228.
Figure 4 shows the cumulated cohort rates for
childlessness and breast cancer within ages 50-54.
She is compelled to ignite Brick's sexuality by saying him how his brother and his sister-in-law proudly make fun of Brick's
childlessness in front of their children.
Even as fertility interventions have been normalized and gained greater acceptability, involuntary
childlessness has not.
Meanwhile, rates of
childlessness declined by 32% for women with doctorate or professional degrees.
Keywords: men, fatherhood,
childlessness, multi-partner fertility, Norway
In Balkan societies the taboo against
childlessness is especially strong.
Involuntary
childlessness is now commonly treated using in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) programmes, although the process involved is usually a long and frustrating one for the couples involved, with a four to five year wait for successful pregnancy for most.
Childlessness among women aged 65 and older in 2005 ranged from less than 8% in the Czech Republic to 15% in Austria and Italy.
It usually means involuntary
childlessness due to difficulties in conceiving Rice (1995).
Other negative concepts connected with fertility or infertility are miscarriage and
childlessness, and these are part of the world of the Ancient Near East and of the Hebrew Bible.
