Caption: A reconfigured flotation circuit has been commissioned at the Los
Braceros Mill.
In six states where
braceros comprised more than 20 percent of seasonal agricultural labor, trends in real farm wages before and after the program ended were similar to those in 17 states where
braceros comprised 3 to 4 percent of the agricultural workforce.
The 'peculiarity of the process of contracting labour', writes a Spanish planter in the 1940s, 'is the age-old custom of giving advances to the
braceros the moment a contract is made'.
Farm workers had been excluded from the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and, despite many union efforts to organize farm workers without NLRA protections, it was only in 1962 that Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta founded the National Farm Workers Association, the union that became the United Farm Workers (UFW) and won 40% wage increases in table grape contracts in 1966, largely because
Bracero workers were not available (Martin, 2003).
Although originally devised to meet World War II shortages, the
Bracero Program continued until 1964 under a variety of legislative authorities, ultimately employing 5 million Mexican laborers.
Bardacke provides a colorful portrayal of how the
braceros -- seasonal Mexican laborers -- and the people who hired them, used dirty, or outright unlawful, tricks to evade legal guarantees ''that the
Bracero program [a U.
Se recorrio la isla, de Guantanamo a Pinar del Rio, bailando, entre otras, El demagogo, Imagenes de un hombre y
Braceros, pero la obra de mas peso fue El paraiso de los ahogados, inspirada en el Tlalocan, paraiso de Tlaloc, dios de la lluvia, el rayo, la inundacion, la sequia, el granizo y el hielo.
Mexican men, as
braceros (imported workers)--an emergency and supplementary labour force during the World War II era--became the dominant labour force in agricultural fields and shaped a landscape that established California as a leading agricultural system in the world.
The social history of many states suggests genuine local shortages and indicates that
braceros were not used in those locations as anti-labor tools.
Tambien revivio el programa
bracero de 1942, a fin de pagar el fondo de ahorro creado por Estados Unidos, sin ser pagado desde entonces.
Explico que para entregar los cheques, los beneficiarios se tuvieron que registrar en su consulado y demostrar con pruebas que estuvieron trabajando como
braceros para que el gobierno mexicano autorizara su pago.
The
braceros were especially upset that white railroad workers in Detroit were "receiving far more than 56 cents an hour, and there would be difficulty if the regular [white] railway maintenance workers worked in close proximity to [the Mexicans]," said Louis Koenig of the New York Central Railway.
