After the researchers added a conceptual face shield in the third simulation, the models showed a significant reduction in the magnitude of stresses on the brain because the shield impeded direct transmission of
blast waves to the face.
These form as the
blast waves slow down after encountering clumps of cosmic material or debris surrounding the origin of the supernova.
Intensive shock waves impact or even damage vehicle structures and lead to severe occupant injuries through
blast waves, high shock accelerations, or fragments.
Reflections, shadowing, or channelling phenomena can significantly alter the behaviour of a
blast wave. In such cases, the calculation of the
blast wave parameters with the empirical and semiempirical formulas proposed in [5] could result in significant errors.
The negative pressure phase of a
blast wave is usually much smaller and longer in duration than the positive phase; accordingly, it is generally ignored in blast resistant analysis.
These mechanisms include (1) direct interaction of the pressure wave with skull and subsequent transmission of energy through the brain, (2) transfer of kinetic energy from the
blast wave through either the vascular system or cerebrospinal fluid, and (3) some indirect mechanism(s) caused by systemic factors and damage to other organs and tissues [31].
After explosion, the
blast wave front reaches a target point in time [t.sub.A] and in no time reaches peak incident pressure [P.sub.so] which is the maximum positive pressure and then promptly decays to atmospheric pressure [P.sub.o].
Another BPT model was created by exposing the animal to a
blast wave directed at the thorax [33].
Apart from human loss and injuries, an IED explosion causes damage to vehicles and property primarily through the
blast wave, heat and fires.
A study of the
blast wave showed that the flying fragmentation shrapnel pierced the victims' car and damaged shops on the other side of the road.
MAKING A POINT Chart in Taiwan shows
blast wave caused by the bomb
These initial explosions are usually weak, but the
blast wave, travelling along technological equipment chambers and ductworks connecting them blows away dust from walls, the flame coming from behind ignites new aerosol masses and causes bigger explosions.