** Using an
oscillator with fast startup allows shorter wake-up cycles and longer battery life compared to MEMS devices.
In general, there are various methods available to reduce the output noise of a ring
oscillator. Some of these methods are intended to lower the effect of a specific noise source while others improve the overall noise characteristics of the circuits.
Kyocera developed the Z-Series clock
oscillators to meet these demands while providing unprecedented flexibility in a standardized, quick-fulfillment solution.
Among the
oscillators presented in Table I [3], the Microcomputer Compensated Crystal
Oscillator (MCXO) seems to be the one that best fits with the frequency stability requirements, and also with the very low consumption demand.
where a is the periodic unit size, qaj is the j periodic phase factor, and [A.sub.1.sup.(0)][A.sub.2.sup.(0)] are the steady-state amplitude of shell and
oscillator, respectively.
The authors are also grateful to Professor Michael Rosenblum for drawing their attention to the fact that, in paper [47], along with the suppression of synchrony in an ensemble of interacting units, stabilization of an active
oscillator by means of a passive
oscillator, included in the feedback loop, is also described.
For an ideal
oscillator, [G.sub.T] ([G.sub.R]) boils down to the identity matrix [I.sub.N].
From these system of equations, one can obtain approximate frequency-amplitude relationship of a nonlinear
oscillator up to higher order.
In order to verify the theoretical analysis, the proposed
oscillator has been simulated using HSPICE program by using TSMC 0.18 [micro]m CMOS process technology process parameters.
where [[psi].sub.j] is the phase of the
oscillator number j; [[OMEGA].sub.1] and [[OMEGA].sub.2] are characteristic frequencies of excitatory and inhibitory neural
oscillators population, respectively; [S.sub.1] ([[psi].sub.j]) and S2([[psi].sub.j]) are the external stimulations on excitatory and inhibitory neural
oscillators, respectively; [M.sub.11]([[psi].sub.j] - [[psi].sub.k]) is the mutual coupling interactions between excitatory coupling
oscillators; and inhibitory coupling
oscillators [M.sub.12]([[psi].sub.j] - [[psi].sub.k]), [M.sub.22]([[psi].sub.j] [[psi].sub.k]), [M.sub.21] ([[psi].sub.j] - [[psi].sub.k]) [F.sub.j](t) are Gaussian white noise, able to meet the following second-order condition: