Since only 68 percent of veterans had any Medicare costs we used 2-stage modeling for testing the association of a dementia diagnosis with Medicare costs, first estimating a model for any cost, and then, among those with Medicare costs, the association with the
natural logarithm of costs.
Recall that the baseline specification already includes the
natural logarithm of a country's GDP per capita, its GDP growth rate, and region fixed effects.
Analytics ADEP Ratio of the firm's sales to the total Audit Analytics sales of all clients of its auditor Compustat LOGASSETS
Natural logarithm of total assets at Compustat firm's fiscal year-end VARIANCE Variance of returns of the firm over its CRSP fiscal year LOGCEOV
Natural logarithm of (1+ dollar change ExecuComp in CEO's stock and option portfolio for a 1% change in stock return volatility) (in millions).
Notably, the transformation of the original values of the variables in
natural logarithms increased the correlation coefficients with TBCOEF10, which was favorable for the development of the model.
Ln (FERC)=
Natural logarithm of fertilizer consumption i.e.
Total securities = the
natural logarithm of the total securities
In order to study economies of scale with respect to size as measured by total revenue of a firm, translog cost function is estimated for total expenses, total distribution expenses, and total general administrative and selling expenses with respect to the
natural logarithm of total revenue with total assets as a control variable for 19 companies.
LAGR is
natural logarithm of share of agriculture in GDP,
Because the response variable in each case was the ratio of the
natural logarithm of raw counts in successive years, we used as independent variables the ratios of the
natural logarithms of the putative explanatory variables in those same 2 years.
Game outcomes (coded as previously described and hereafter called WIN) were regressed on the team's Gini ratio (GINI) and the
natural logarithm of average team salary (lnSALARY).
It is included in the regression (as a
natural logarithm) using insurance penetration and insurance density, each of them for the subsets of total, life and non-life insurance.