The clinical endpoint for picosecond lasers is the same as for
nanosecond lasers: epidermal whitening.
"We can only say for sure they are less than 20
nanoseconds, billionths of a second, from the input of one radio to the output of the second radio back to back.
The device offers true hardware simultaneous read/write, 25
nanosecond page-mode read access and 70
nanosecond random asynchronous access, and delivers industry-leading data transfer rates.
The problem in measuring short distances is that radio waves travel at the speed of light - radiation covers a meter in three-billionths of a second (3
nanoseconds).
For many years, it has been predicted that operating frequencies in semiconductor lasers stabilise on a timescale of a few
nanoseconds and can be changed in a few hundreds of picoseconds.
The intrinsic switching, or crystallization, speed of existing PCMs is about ten
nanoseconds, making them suitable for replacing flash memory.
"While the individual laser pulses last for only a few
nanoseconds, they are bright enough to be readily detected and appear to carry very useful information that may give us new ways to analyze the properties of large numbers of cells almost instantaneously," said Yun, who is an associate professor of Dermatology at Harvard Medical School.
Breathing in this case refers to a natural unzipping of portions of paired DNA strands that happens normally every few
nanoseconds. This unzipping exposes the DNA's chemical units, or nucleotides, to potential manipulation by enzymes.
Detailed measurements showed that the magnetization exhibited a fast rotational response over about one
nanosecond followed by a smaller, slow response over tens of
nanoseconds.
The BBC have pitched in to quibble over how many more
nanoseconds of play they used to show.
As the explosive growth of the Internet continues to put a tremendous amount of pressure on the network, routers and switches need to examine packets of information and make forwarding decisions every few
nanoseconds. With a 16K Virage Logic binary CAM, network hardware designers will experience a speed improvement of about 33 percent over the corresponding ternary CAM due to the binary CAM's smaller area.