The analysis of perception of brokers about derivative securities is captured in section 6, which is further subdivided into demographics of brokers, trading and marketing activities of brokers, usage and concern about derivative markets, and price discovery and
hedging effectiveness in commodity futures.
Allen, "Multivariate GARCH hedge ratios and
hedging effectiveness in Australian futures markets," Accounting & Finance, vol.
Our results show that purchasing gap insurance can generally increase the
hedging effectiveness in multiple ways by reducing basis risk, thus increasing shareholder value and, at the same time, lowering shortfall risk.
Hedging effectiveness is measured by [R.sup.2] and the basis risk is measured by 1-[R.sup.2].
The hedge ratios are easier to be estimated through rolling window OLS (RW OLS) techniques and provide good results in terms of
hedging effectiveness. Lien, Tse and Tsui (2002) found that a constant correlation GARCH model does not provide an improvement of the effectiveness compared to the RW OLS.
Under departures from the cost-of-carry theory, historical market information, conditional variance, and conditional correlation implied from emissions allowances futures markets have significant impacts on time-varying hedge ratios and
hedging effectiveness. It is urgent for market participants to know how to increase portfolio revenues and decrease returns risk reduction of emissions allowances assets between spot and futures under departures from the cost-of-carry theory.
These contracts failure can be attributed to various factors which include among others: competition from other contracts or exchanges; low or decreasing
hedging effectiveness; future uncertainty (LIFFE investors were faced by monetary uncertainty due to the formation of EU); regulatory changes that may adversely affect a contract; "me too" trend i.e introducing a contract popularly introduced by other exchanges; sophisticated contracts; drop in purchasing power of the investors; failure to keep up with the technology advancement; and, introducing contracts on a "trial and error" basis.
(2005), "Futures Maturity and
Hedging Effectiveness: The Case of Oil Futures," Working Paper 513, Macquarie University.
Extreme Volatility, Speculative Efficiency, and the
Hedging Effectiveness of the Oil Futures Markets.
This procedure continues until the exotic option matures and the average hedging errors are used as an indicator of the model's
hedging effectiveness.
The maritime derivatives BIFFEX ceased to trade mainly because of low
hedging effectiveness. The underlying index, which is derived from the price of a basket of routes, could not hedge well for individual route because
hedging effectiveness is directly related to the underlying risk.
While selection of the futures' expiration will affect the hedge ratio, and therefore the number of contracts to use, it will not influence
hedging effectiveness. In all cases, the perfectly hedged portfolio will earn the risk-less (net) cost of carry return.
