However, it remains much stronger than it was last year, when the
forward market implied depreciation of about 2.7 per cent because of worries about Saudi Arabia's ability to cope with an era of low oil prices.
Among the Top 10
forward market capacity traders, the average forward trade date of Case 1 deals was 269 days in advance of the future effective date.
Over the last seven years, FMM's user base has been acquiring game tickets through the
forward market and asking for a similar service for travel.
In the
forward market, there are a few dominant servicing systems used in the industry and they are very similar.
Traders use
forward markets to bet on future directions of currencies.
The underlying arbitrage should quickly eliminate the international return differentials by narrowing interest-rate spreads and encouraging the foreign currencies to appreciate in the spot market, and depreciate in the
forward market, relative to the dollar.
Offsetting factors are the appreciation of the USD against the Euro and GBP, the escalation in the
forward market USD prices for copper and the careful project planning leading to the extension to the mine life.
USwitch.com warned that the price of gas on the
forward market for next winter is 22% higher than it is at present, making the cost of procuring energy more expensive for suppliers.
And once the crisis began, the Bank of Thailand pulled the bone-headed financial move of the decade in May 1997 by purchasing tens of billions of dollars worth of bahts in the
forward market at basically the spot exchange rate.
Second, in Section 4 I find evidence of a time-varying (and non-stationary) risk premium in the
forward market, with this risk premium being apparently related to volatility in the spot market.
These techniques include
forward market hedge, futures hedge, money market hedge, currency options, exposure netting and the use of official export/financing agencies.
Liquidity risk increases both because foreign borrowers may react collectively towards Norwegian banks to a greater extent than ordinary Norwegian depositors and because of the possibility of liquidity problems in the
forward market where the currency is temporarily exchanged for NOK.