Extensive research (Agarwal, 1989; Bhalla, 1989; Chen, 1989; Duvvury, 1989; Kandiyotti, 1990; Roy and Clark, 1994; Roy and Tisdell, 1993a; 1993b; 1997; World Bank, 1990) has shown that since rural women's (especially landless and land poor women) reliance on forests, commons and other natural resources is far greater than men's, effective ownership rights to cultivable land by making women more economically independent significantly reduces their need to rely on forests and natural resources and appropriate user rights to forests provide them with the incentive to preserve as well as increase the supply of natural resources and environment.
Effective property rights granted to landless and land poor women and families in India would also encourage them to plant and grow trees on their land.
Pressure on land is growing throughout the Continent, a trend which is predicted to continue and which will ultimately lead to an increase in the numbers of
land poor and landless, a recipe for conflict.