By linking Clapper's substantial-risk requirement with
expected value, the standard can draw on probability principles to clarify the doctrine.
the
expected value of a claim and its expected marginal cost is the
Similarly, crudely speaking, we do not know the
expected value E[[[??].bar]], we only know the lower and upper bounds [E.bar][[[??].bar]] and [bar.E][[[??].bar]] for this mean value.
of penalties are so low that the
expected value model predicts that
However, as shown later, in the absence of ambiguity the relative merit index is reduced to (and can be calculated by) the above-mentioned
expected value index.
The measured value [x.sub.i] is regarded as the
expected value E([X.sub.i]) and the standard uncertainty u([x.sub.i]) is regarded as the standard deviation S([X.sub.i]) of the pdf of [X.sub.i], for i = 1, 2, ...
The partial derivative of the
expected value function with respect to the price is written:
And the
expected value of 300 cartons is: (0.3 x -150) + (0.5 x 300) + (0.2 x 750) = 255 [pounds sterling].
of the same or (even higher)
expected value whenever changing policies
The logarithmic function being concave the log of the
expected value. is greater than the
expected value of the log by half the variance ([sigma].sup.2]):
According to The Standish Group, only 31 percent of projects delivered 100 percent of their
expected value, were on-time and on-budget.
Having calculated the probabilities, and NPVs (Tables 2 and 3) for both EMRs, the task force can then determine
expected values.
Expected values differ from averages.