Some residents complain a
dual economy has emerged, split between those who deal in property and tourism - and the rest.
The Vanishing Middle Class - Prejudice and Power in a
Dual EconomyAmong the topics are the development of a
dual economy, the demographic dividend, growing old before getting rich, the new engine of economic growth, human capital accumulation, and labor market institutions and social protections.
Hence, the author argues that as the island experienced a resurgence in racism due in part to the emergence of the
dual economy and the reliance on tourism, Anglo-Caribbean Cubans revitalized their communities and sought transnational connections not just in the hope of material support but also to challenge the association between Blackness, inferiority, and immorality as their desire for social mobility, political engagement, and a better economic situation operated alongside the fight for Black respectability.
Limited developments in factory-based production, technology transfer and human resource development had already begun from the 1920s on the basis of the primary industries of rubber and tin, which in turn began to complicate the structure of the
dual economy. In the case of rubber products manufacturing Goldthorpe divides its development into three phases (1920-1970: laissez-faire policies; 1970-1985: the New Economic Policy (NEP) and government intervention to realign the plural economy; and 1985-2005: the New Economic Model (NEM) and the Industrial Master Plans [IMPs] and the emphasis on rubber products as a priority resource-based industry).
A
dual economy has between 15% and 60% of agricultural labor.
We develop a parsimonious open-economy model where traditional and modern technologies coexist (a
dual economy in the sense of Lewis 1954).
A Toulouse School of Economics paper titled "Barriers to Formal Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries" mentions in its introduction section: "Developing countries are characterized by a
dual economy where a small modern industrialized sector co-exists with a large informal sector with little capital and low marginal productivity of labor.
We apply the '
dual economy' concept (Lewis, Manch Sch 22(2): 139-191, 1954) to reconcile the contradictions of the typical emerging economy, where a 'modern' knowledge-intensive economy exists alongside a 'traditional' resource-intensive economy.
However useful it may once have been, the
dual economy is now an obstacle to growth.
Rolf Gerritsen and his colleagues provide a fascinating glimpse of China's remarkable
dual economy in which some sectors have been privatised, while many parts of the commanding heights remain under state ownership.