A sampling of terms defined includes: active premium, aggregation, angel financing, asset allocation, backwardation, benchmark, bridge loan, capital structure arbitrage, coefficient of determination, commodity option, convertible arbitrage, deferred futures, discretionary trading, distressed debt, enumerated agricultural commodities, extrinsic value, follow-on funding, hedge ratio, interdelivery spread, long short equity, modified value-at-risk, offshore fund, piggyback registration, social entrepreneurship, systematic trading, tracking error,
underlying futures contract, venture capital method, and weather premium.
The option will only be exercised if price movements are favorable to the option buyer, that is, if the
underlying futures contract would be profitable.
Before being used in the minimization of (7), the data were checked to make sure that they obeyed the inequality restrictions implied by the no-arbitrage conditions on American options prices: C [greater than or equal to] F - X and P [greater than or equal to] X- F, where F is the price of the
underlying futures contract. These conditions apply because an American option--which can be exercised at any time--must always be worth at least its value if exercised immediately.
Options require less initial cash outlay than buying the
underlying futures contract would, but they can be much more volatile.
Also traded at the exchange are options that give the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an
underlying futures contract.
Assuming that all options are carried to expiration (no early exercise), a trader who buys the call and sells the put can always expect to end up with a long position in the
underlying futures contract at expiration.
An option on a futures contract derives its value from the
underlying futures contract, which in turn derives its value from the underlying cash, thus the name double derivative.
naked option writing--selling an option without owning the
underlying futures contract. Naked put writers are bullish and naked call writers are bearish.
Options on futures are traded at each of the futures exchanges and are standardized just like the
underlying futures contracts. Options on the physicals are nonstandardized, just like typical forward contracts.