The government had also stated to take additional initiatives to make the Currency
Swap Arrangements (CSA) usable with China.
The current gross official $8.2 billion reserves are largely maintained by taking short-term loans from commercial banks and taking Chinese and Saudi deposits under the currency
swap arrangements.
And other alternatives available included raising finances from the international bond market, enabling currency
swap arrangements with trade partners to avert a fall in forex reserves and a return to the IMF was last on the list, he said.
Pakistan and China agreed to establish and improve cross-border credit system and financial services, strengthen currency
swap arrangements and establish a bilateral payment and settlement system.
Mack-Cali entered into interest rate
swap arrangements to fix LIBOR for the duration of the loan.
The country also has bilateral
swap arrangements (BSAs) for emergencies such as foreign currency fund shortage.
In the case of a crisis, he proposed three measures: a high-level G20 hotline, a G20 market messaging system and currency
swap arrangements.
The Chiang Mai Initiative - which started as a series of bilateral
swap arrangements in 2000 and has, over the last 14 years, developed into a multilateral currency
swap arrangement - was the obvious way to improve cooperation, although it had its skeptics.
The Federal Reserve has established
swap arrangements with the Bank of Canada, the Bank of England, the European Central Bank, the Swiss National Bank, and the Bank of Japan.
He said that the Free Trade Agreementa[euro]s Currency
SWAP arrangements and other such steps will further promote economic ties between the two countries.
Tokyo: Japan and Southeast Asian countries are in talks over expanding currency
swap arrangements to help cushion their economies in financial emergencies, an official said on Thursday, ahead of a Japan-Asean summit next week.