All kinds of blood cells and
Kupffer cells can be seen in blood vessels and hepatic sinusoids.
Critical Roles of
Kupffer Cells in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease: From Basic Science to Clinical Trials.
Liver macrophages include mostly
Kupffer cells, which are usual constituents of the liver, but during inflammation, monocytes are recruited from the periphery that can differentiate into macrophages in this tissue (45).
Kupffer cells and neutrophils as paracrine regulators of the heme oxygenase-1 gene in hepatocytes after hemorrhagic shock.
In addition, during the ischemia period, the lack of oxygen to hepatocytes causes mitochondrial deenergization, and finally the swelling of the sinusoidal endothelial cells and the
Kupffer cells. The production of reactive oxygen species, activation of
Kupffer cells, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in neutrophil-mediated injury are the major factors contributing to inflammation-associated damages (22).
HepatoMune tri-cultures remain viable for at least ten days, retaining both liver cell and
Kupffer cell functionality, and can be used for predicting clinical outcomes.
Human liver
Kupffer cells express CR1, CR3, and CR4 complement receptor antigens.
Studies have suggested that IL-17 stimulate
Kupffer cells to express inflammatory cytokines like IL-1[beta], TNF-[alpha], IL-6, and profibrogenic cytokine TGF-[beta] in BDL rats [31].
Occasionally, the prominent nuclei of von
Kupffer cells were observed (Figure 2(a)).
Inset (400x): phagocytosis of blood cells by
Kupffer cells. (c) Bone marrow (40x) displays appropriate cellularity for age with a slight reactive shift.
Chen, "Depletion of
Kupffer cells attenuates systemic insulin resistance, inflammation and improves liver autophagy in high-fat diet fed mice," Endocrine Journal, vol.