Willingness to contribute may also fall as the threat of being attacked and thus the cost of free-riding falls; in a scenario where the threat of aggression is halved, an individual may offer only half his original contribution.
The assumption that free-riding will undermine efficient voluntary provision among large groups will still hold, regardless of what the efficient quantity of defense is.
Becker and Linsday (1994) find a considerable degree of government free-riding behavior in the context of appropriations to public higher education institutions.
Other cases, which may seem more costly and with more uncertain benefits, for example, vertical issues, monopolization, restrictive contracts, and so forth might be expected to lead to greater free-riding behavior.
The company has punished 117 of its conductors and other staff for failing to exert control on free-riding passengers.
"BDZ Holding will continue its uncompromising actions to restrict free-riding as much as possible.
Both Posner and the Marburgers believe the very fate of the newspaper business hangs on solving the problem of
free-riding aggregators.
Those participants did not signal out of kindness or because of apparent confusion but to maximize their return by
free-riding on the group contributions of others.
Here the problem is the classic
free-riding opportunity." (60) Thus where more than one channel of distribution is used, free riding is identified as an important form of cannibalization that can harm firm performance.
Not every individual participating in these experiments discovered, in the context of the experiments, that
free-riding was the best personal strategy.